Davey (1984) [39] | Retrospective registry database, controlled | Commercial divers, including saturation divers | 255 | 28.2 | >5 | Change in FVC significantly correlated with change in maximal diving depth |
Watt (1985) [54] | Retrospective cohort | Commercial divers, including saturation divers | 347 | 30 (n=224) 33 (n=123) | 3–4 (n=224) >5 (n=123) | Significant decrease in FVC of 240 mL (n=224) and 400 mL (n123); no correlation with diving indices |
Thorsen (1993) [55] | Prospective follow-up after single deep dive | Saturation divers, controls | 24 | 30.3 | 3 | Significant reduction in FEV1 of 210 mL after 1 year and 81 mL·year−1 over 3 years; similar reduction in forced expiratory flows at low lung volumes |
Bermon (1994) [56] | Retrospective controlled | Firemen divers using air scuba | 20 | 33.1 | 8–9 | Significant reduction in FVC (160 mL) and FEV1 (310 mL); similar reduction in maximum mid-expiratory flows |
Thorsen (1995) [57] | Prospective follow-up after single deep dive | Saturation divers | 8 | 24 | 3 | Significant reduction in maximal expiratory flows at low lung volume |
Bermon (1997) [58] | Retrospective cohort | Firemen divers using air scuba | 15 | 33.4 | 6 | Significant reduction in DLCO |
Skogstad (2000) [59] | Prospective cohort | Professional scuba divers | 87 | 25.2 | 3 | Significant reduction in FEV1 of 1.8% (100 mL) and of forced expiratory flows at low lung volume |
Skogstad (2002) [60] | Prospective cohort, policemen controls | Professional scuba divers, including saturation divers | 77 | 24.9 | 6 | Significantly higher annual reduction in FVC and FEV1 than in controls; reduction in maximal expiratory flow rates at low lung volumes correlated with cumulative dives |
Fitzpatrick (2003) [61] | Prospective cohort | Working divers supporting astronaut training | 43 | 31 | 3 | Significant increase in FVC (6.3%) and FEV1 (5.5%); cumulative dive hours associated with increases in FVC and FEV1 |
Shykoff (2004) [62] | Retrospective cohort | US Navy divers | 25 | 31–50 | >1–>5 | No significant changes in lung function |
Lemaitre (2004) [63] | Prospective cohort | Recreational scuba divers | 18 | 31.8 | 2.4 | No significant changes in lung function |
Tetzlaff (2005) [64] | Prospective cohort | German special forces divers | 39 | 28.4 | 5.8 | No significant changes in lung function |
Tetzlaff (2006) [65] | Prospective cohort, submariner controls | German Navy divers | 468 | 32 | 1–9 | No significant difference in decline of FEV1 between divers and controls |
Skogstad (2008) [66] | Retrospective cohort | Singapore Navy divers | 116 | 31.3 | 5 | Significant increase in FVC and FEV1 |
Chong (2008) [67] | Prospective cohort | Professional scuba divers, | 37 | 24.6 | 12 | Significant reduction in expiratory flows and volumes |
Sames (2009) [68] | Retrospective cohort | New Zealand occupational divers | 336 | 35.6 | 5.6 | Significant change in FEV1 % predicted and PEF |
Pougnet (2013) [69] | Retrospective cohort | French professional divers | 33 | 42 | 5–10 | Significant decreases in forced expiratory flows at low lung volumes, FEV1/FVC and DLCO |
Voortman (2016) [70] | Retrospective cohort | Royal Netherlands Navy divers | 1260 | 26.2 | >1–>16 | No significant change in FEV1 over time (decline of 7 mL·year−1) |