Figures
- FIGURE 1
Recordings of quiet tidal breathing at rest, followed by maximal expiration then inspiration. Breathing patterns are shown for: a) a healthy volunteer; b) hyperventilation syndrome, note the rapid respiratory rate, and tidal breathing closer to inspiratory capacity than in panel a; c) erratic breathing pattern, note that the patient was unable to coordinate a maximal expiratory and inspiratory manoeuvre at the end of the recording; d) thoracic dominant breathing, note the large volume breaths with minimal inspiratory reserve capacity; e) forced expiratory pattern before (grey) and after (black) exercise, note tidal breathing occurs at low lung volumes, with minimal expiratory reserve volume; and f) thoraco-abdominal asynchrony, this panel shows recordings from sensors detecting thoracic and abdominal movement, demonstrating asynchrony during quiet tidal breathing.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Proposed classification of dysfunctional breathing patterns, with associated lung diseases and key references
Breathing pattern Number of papers Key references Linked conditions Hyperventilation syndrome 43 [1, 2, 5, 15] Asthma
Panic disorderPeriodic deep sighing 12 [8, 9, 45–47] Asthma
Panic disorderThoracic dominant breathing 4 [11, 47–49] Asthma
COPD
Heart failure
Panic disorderForced abdominal expiration 2 [50, 51] COPD Thoraco-abdominal asynchrony 6 [52–54] Obstruction
Neuromuscular disease
Respiratory failureCOPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
