Figures
- FIGURE 1
Schematic representations of a) the three types of extracellular vesicles and b) microparticle generation in more detail.
- FIGURE 2
Simplified scheme of the “extrinsic” pathway of blood coagulation. F: factor.
- FIGURE 3
Proposed interactions among the environment, lungs, endothelium, bone marrow and adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its comorbidities. Reproduced and modified from [82] with permission.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Summary of the known roles of microparticles (MPs) in human lung diseases
Disease and MP type Medium Significance or hypothesised role References COPD EMPs Plasma Markers of emphysema: increased apoptotic (CD31+) MPs in early emphysema and mild COPD [42, 43] Prognostic markers for exacerbation susceptibility: increased apoptotic (CD31+) and activated (CD62E+) MPs during exacerbations; increased activated MPs in stable COPD at higher risk for future exacerbations [44] Prognostic markers for functional decline over time: correlation of number of activated (CD62E+) MPs and FEV1 decline [45] Asthma PMPs Plasma Role in organising bronchial inflammation [46] TF-bearing MPs BALF Promoting hypercoagulability during asthma exacerbations [47] Diffuse parenchymal lung disease PMPs and MMPs Plasma Markers of lung involvement in systemic sclerosis [48] TF-bearing MPs BALF Markers of disease severity; promoting myofibroblast differentiation and activity [49] ARDS/ALI Total MPs BALF Local activation of the coagulation cascade; possible target for treatment [50] LMPs Plasma Prognostic markers: increased in survivors [51] Pulmonary embolism and VTE EMPs Plasma Promoting clot formation? (inconclusive data) [15, 52] TF-bearing MPs Plasma Promoting clotting in cancer patients [53–56] Plasma Possible markers for therapeutic decisions (i.e. thromboprophylaxis) [57] Lung cancer PMPs and MMPs Plasma Promoting hypercoagulability and tumour angiogenesis [58] Total MPs, PMPs and EMPs Plasma Prognostic markers? (inconclusive data); increased “activated” EMPs (CD31+CD42b−annexinV−) in survivors [59–61] Pulmonary hypertension TF-bearing MPs Plasma Prothrombotic role in advanced PAH [62] EMPs Plasma Markers of endothelial damage [62] Markers of different pathogenic patterns [63] Prognostic markers [64] COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EMPs: endothelial cell-derived microparticles; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; PMPs: platelet-derived microparticles; TF: tissue factor; BALF: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; MMPs: monocyte-derived microparticles; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; ALI: acute lung injury; LMPs: leukocyte-derived microparticles; VTE: venous thromboembolism; PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Jump To
- Article
- Abstract
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Differential characteristics of extracellular vesicles
- Historical perspective: microparticles as “platelet dust”
- Vascular microparticles beyond platelet dust
- Mechanisms involved in microparticle formation
- Potential role of microparticles in airway inflammation
- Microparticles in human lung diseases
- Conclusive remarks and future directions
- Footnotes
- References
- Figures & Data
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