Tables
- TABLE 1
Sleep in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Sleep macro- and micro-architecture Increased stage 1 sleep
Decreased REM and slow-wave sleep
Decreased sleep efficiency
Increased WASO
Increased arousal indexRespiratory pattern Increased respiratory frequency during sleep
Rapid and shallow breathing (especially during REM sleep)Nocturnal oxygenation parameters Episodic desaturation during REM sleep
Desaturation during NREM sleep
Desaturation due to respiratory events (apnoeas and hypopnoeas)Sleep disordered breathing Increased incidence of obstructive sleep apnoea Other sleep problems Increased periodic leg movements during sleep
Insomnia
Nocturnal coughREM: rapid eye movement; WASO: wake time after sleep onset; NREM: non-REM.
- TABLE 2
Biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Diagnostic biomarkers KL-6 [81]
SP-A and SP-D [81]
YKL-40 [81]
MMP-1 and MMP-7 [81]
CXCL13 [82]Disease susceptibility biomarkers Telomerase genes [83–85]
Telomere length [86]
MUC5B [87, 88]
TOLLIP–SPPL2C [89]Prognostic biomarkers KL-6 [81]
CCL-18 [90]
YKL-40 [81]
Circulating fibrocytes [91]
CD28 [92]
CD28/ICOS/Lck/ITK [77]
MMP-7/ICAM-1/IL-8/VCAM-1/S100A12 [78]
MUC5B [93]
Cilium-associated genes [94]
Antibodies against periplakin [95]
Antibodies against HSP-70 [96]
LOXL2 [97]
CXCL13 [82]
TLR-3 [98]-
SP: surfactant protein; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; MUC: mucin; TOLLIP: Toll-interacting protein; SPPL: signal peptide peptidase-like; CD: cluster of differentiation; ICOS: inducible T-cell costimulatory; Lck: lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase; ITK: interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase; ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule; IL: interleukin; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule; HSP: heat shock protein; LOXL: lysyl oxidase-like; TLR: Toll-like receptor.
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- TABLE 3
Biomarkers in obstructive sleep apnoea
Inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, fibrinogen, CCL-18) Systemic hypertension Carotid intimal–medial thickness Metabolic markers (HbA1c) Markers of oxidative stress (8-isoprostane, IL-6, nitric oxide) Others (cysteine) -
CRP: C-reactive protein; IL: interleukin; TNF: tumour necrosis factor; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin.
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