Tables
- Table 1. Association, symptoms, impact and treatment options for depression and anxiety in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Association and clinical implications Elevated systemic inflammation, e.g. interleukin-6, C-reactive protein Use of long-term oxygen therapy Increase in the number of comorbidities Prolongs length of hospital stay Increase in the number of consultations with general practitioners Morbidity and mortality Female sex Escalates frequency of hospital readmission Heightens the number of acute exacerbations Severe respiratory impairment Cachexia Symptoms Health-endangering behaviour (smoking) Increased fatigue Panic Social withdrawal Lack of interest in pleasurable activities Fear Dyspnoea on exertion Insomnia Somonolence Impact on physical and social functioning Reduced exercise capacity Increased physical disability Reduced social interaction Dependence on caregivers Emotional liability Loss of social role Loss of libido Decrease in cognitive functioning Early retirement from work Loss of self-esteem Treatment options Support and adherence to exercise and antidepressant treatment Pulmonary rehabilitation Personalised intervention Collaborative care model Counselling Exercise Smoking cessation Relaxation therapy Antidepressant drug therapy Psychotherapy (cognitive behavioural and supportive) Yoga Social support and respite care for caregivers Telephone health mentoring using cognitive behavioural therapy
Vol 23 Issue 133
Table of Contents
Depression and anxiety in patients with COPD
