Figures
- Figure 1.
Proportion of subjects with carbon monoxide verified 7-day point prevalence of abstinence. Includes all subjects (nicotine mouth spray (NMS): n=318; placebo: n=161). *: p<0.05 between the abstinence rates in the NMS group compared with the placebo group. Reproduced from [19] with permission from the publisher.
- Figure 2.
Quit rate (7-day point prevalence) for long-term nicotine replacement therapy users in the varenicline and placebo groups from weeks 2 to 52, verified by expired carbon monoxide (except week 36 which was a telephone visit). Modified from [23].
- Figure 3.
Smoking cessation rate as point prevalence quit rate from year 1 to 5 in the Lung Health Study with 5,587 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Smokers were treated with smoking cessation every 4 months in 5 yrs. SCI: smoking cessation intervention; UCA: usual care arm. Modified from [36].
Tables
- Table 1. Smoking prevalence among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in large randomised, placebo-controlled trials with inhaled corticosteroids and/or long-acting β2-agonists and/or long-acting anti-muscarinic drugs
First author [ref.] Study Subjects n Age yrs FEV1 Smokers % Vestbo [1] VESTBO 290 59 2.4 (86) 77 Watson [2] EUROSCOP 647 53 2.5 (80) 54 Vestbo [3] TRISTAN 1465 63 1.4 (45) 51 Calverley [4] TORCH 5343 65 1.2 (45) 45 Burge [5] ISOLDE 751 64 1.4 (50) 38 Wedzicha [6] INSPIRE 1323 65 1.3 (39) 38 Data for forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) is presented as L (% predicted).
- Table 2. First-line drugs for smoking cessation
Studies Sustained quit rates for 6–12 months NRT versus placebo (any type of NRT) 117 1.60 (1.53–1.68) Bupropion SR versus placebo 31 1.69 (1.53–1.85) Varenicline versus placebo 14 2.27 (2.02–2.55) Data are presented as n or risk ratio (95% CI). NRT: nicotine replacement therapy. Data from [8–10].
- Table 3. First-line drugs for smoking cessation (1-yr quit rates) from US clinical guidelines
OR (95% CI) Abstinence rate % Placebo 1.0 13.8 Monotherapies Varenicline 3.1 (2.5–3.8) 33.2 High-dose nicotine patch 2.3 (1.7–3.0) 26.5 Nicotine gum (>14 weeks) 2.2 (1.5–3.2) 26.1 Bupropion SR 2.0 (1.8–2.2) 24.2 Combination therapies Patch plus ad lib NRT 3.6 (2.5–5.2) 36.5 Patch plus bupropion SR 2.5 (1.9–3.4) 28.9 Patch plus inhaler 2.2 (1.3–3.6) 25.8 Meta-analysis of data from placebo, controlled trials in smoking cessation reporting 1-yr quit rates with smoking cessation drugs used for 3 months in combination with counselling. The comparator is the placebo arm without drugs but with counselling. NRT: nicotine replacement therapy. Modified from [8].
- Table 4. Smoking cessation by hospitalisation for moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) versus usual care
Smoking cessation group Usual care COPD patients n 247 231 1-yr quit rate 52 7 3-yr quit rate 38 10 Subjects who used NRT 28 14 Subjects who used bupropion SR 5 5 Data are presented as %, unless otherwise stated. NRT: nicotine replacement therapy. Data from [16].
- Table 5. Double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised smoking cessation studies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients
Medication Subjects n FEV1 % pred 12-month sustained quit rates Active Placebo Varenicline 505 70 18.6 5.6 Bupropion SR 404 72 10 8 NRT 370 56 14 5 FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; % pred: % predicted; NRT: nicotine replacement therapy. Data from [20–22].
- Table 6. Meta-analysis of smoking cessation trials in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients
Study Subjects n Prolonged abstinence rate Lung Health Study [36] 5887 12 months: 34% versus 9% (NRT) Hilberink [37] 392 6 months: 16% versus 9% (NRT) TØnnesen [20] 370 12 months: 14% versus 5% (NRT) Tashkin [21] 404 6 months: 16% versus 9% (BUP) Wagena [38] 255 6 months: 30% versus 19% (BUP) Pederson [39] 64 6 months 27% versus 16% Crowley [40] 49 6 months: 14% versus 14% Brandt [41] 56 12 months: 32% versus 16% Tashkin [22] 499 12 months: 19% versus 6% (VAR) Data are presented as abstinence rates for intervention versus control groups. NRT: nicotine replacement therapy; BUP: bupropion SR; VAR: varenicline. Reproduced from [35] with permission from the publisher.
- Table 7. Efficacy of smoking cessation after 6–12 months from meta-analysis of eight smoking cessation trials in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients
Treatment OR (95% CI) p-value Nothing/usual care 1 Counselling alone 1.82 (0.96–3.34) 0.07 Counselling + antidepressants 3.32 (1.53–7.21) 0.002 Counselling + NRT 5.08 (4.32–5.97) <0.001 Counselling + varenicline 4.04 (2.13–7.67) <0.001 Reproduced and modified from [35] with permission from the publisher.
