Figures
- Figure 1.
a) Overall survival by systolic pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa,sys) tertiles in 1,049 heart failure patients (p<0.001). b) Survival from cardiovascular death by Ppa,sys tertiles in 975 heart failure patients (p<0.001). Reproduced from [9] with permission from the publisher.
- Figure 2.
Diagnostic approach to distinguishing between pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) caused by diastolic left heart disease. RHC: right heart catheterisation; Ppcw: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; RCT: randomised controlled trial; WU: Wood units. Reproduced from [50] with permission from the publisher.
- Figure 3.
Comparison between digitised pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (Ppcw,digital) and end-expiration Ppcw, and their relationship to directly measured left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Box plots show the median values and interquartile range. Error bars represent values within two standard deviations of the mean. Dots represent outliers. Ppcw,digital was significantly lower (p<0.05) than end-expiration Ppcw and LVEDP. Reproduced from [55] with permission from the publisher.
Tables
- Table 1. Classification of pulmonary hypertension (PH) owing to left heart diseases
Heart failure with reduced left ventricle ejection fraction (ejection fraction ≤50%#; systolic dysfunction¶) Ischaemic cardiomyopathy Dilated cardiomyopathy Heart failure with preserved left ventricle ejection fraction (ejection fraction >50%#; diastolic dysfunction¶) Hypertensive heart disease Coronary heart disease Diabetic cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Restrictive cardiomyopathy Constrictive pericarditis Valvular diseases Aortic valve stenosis Aortic valve regurgitation Mitral valve stenosis Mitral valve regurgitation Persistent/residual PH after effective valvular defect correction Other causes Cor triatriatum Myxoma or left atrial thrombus #: the cut-off value for preserved versus reduced ejection fraction varies between studies; ¶: definition from Simonneau et al. [2]. Modified from [4].
