Figures
- Figure 1.
Schematic diagram showing the ideal approach to pulmonary arterial hypertension management, which involves regular monitoring and early intervention.
- Figure 2.
Therapeutic strategy for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Goal-oriented therapy algorithm. NYHA: New York Heart Association; V′O2: oxygen uptake. Reproduced from [30] with permission from the publisher.
- Figure 3.
Kaplan–Meier estimates of survival in 89 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Survival is improved by using goal-orientated therapy. Reproduced from [30] with permission from the publisher.
- Figure 4.
New York Heart Association/World Health Organization functional class (FC) at follow-up strongly predicts survival. a) Epoprostenol treatment for 3 months. Reproduced from [32] with permission from the publisher. b) Epoprostenol treatment for 1 yr. Reproduced from [15] with permission from the publisher.
Tables
- Table 1 Goals recommended by the latest European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society guidelines for pulmonary hypertension
Better prognosis Determinants of prognosis Worse prognosis No Clinical evidence of RV failure Yes Slow Rate of progression of symptoms Rapid No Syncope Yes I and II WHO FC IV Longer (>500 m)# 6MWT Shorter (<300 m) Peak V′O2 >15 mL·min−1·kg−1 Cardiopulmonary exercise testing Peak V′O2 <12 mL·min−1·kg−1 Normal or near normal BNP/NT-proBNP plasma levels Very elevated and rising No pericardial effusion TAPSE¶ >2.0 cm Echocardiographic findings¶ Pericardial effusion TAPSE¶ <1.5 cm RAP <8 mmHg and CI ≥2.5 L·min−1·m−2 Haemodynamics RAP >15 mmHg or CI ≤2.0 L·min−1·m−2 RV: right ventricle; WHO FC: World Health Organization functional class; 6MWT: 6-min walking test; V′O2: oxygen uptake; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; RAP: right arterial pressure; CI: cardiac index. #: depending on age; ¶: TAPSE and pericardial effusion have been selected as they can be measured in the majority of patients. Reproduced from [4] with permission from the publisher.
