Figures
- FIGURE 1.
The Zephyr valve system (Emphasys Medical, Redwood City, CA, USA). A: bird’s beak unilateral valve; B: metallic nitinol structure; C: polyurethane membrane.
- FIGURE 2.
The Zephyr valve in vivo. The valve was implanted at the orifice of a sub-segmental bronchus. The images show a closed valve on inspiration (a) which opens on expiration (b).
- FIGURE 3.
Left upper lobe complete atelectasis 2 days after implantation of four endobronchial valves into the left upper lobe in a patient with emphysema. a) Chest radiograph after implantation of the valve. Computed tomography scan b) before and c) after implantation. The left upper lobe is circled in red and the lower lobe in blue.
Tables
- Table. 1—
Annual loss in forced expiratory volume in 1 s(FEV1) in the TORCH and UPLIFT trials by treatment group
Study Treatment arm Annual loss in FEV1 mL TORCH# Salmeterol/fluticasone combination 39 Salmeterol 42 Fluticasone 42 Placebo 55 UPLIFT: whole population¶ Tiotropium 40 Control 42 UPLIFT: patients with no ICS/LABA Tiotropium 40 Control 47 ICS: inhaled corticosteroids; LABA: long-acting β2-agonists. #: LABA or ICS were not authorised in the TORCH trial; ¶: ICS and LABA were authorised as concomitant treatments in the UPLIFT trial. Data taken from [8, 9].
- Table. 2—
Long-term results of lung volume reduction surgery in a cohort of 250 patients
Outcome Baseline 1 yr 3 yrs 5 yrs Survival rate % NA 94 84 68 Mean FEV1 % pred 25 38 34 30 Patients requiring LTOT % 61 12 23 Mean 6MWD m 280 m pre-rehabilitation 348 m post-rehabilitation 408 387 351 FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; % pred: % predicted; LTOT: long-term oxygen therapy; 6MWD: 6-min walk distance; NA: not applicable. Data taken from [114].
- Table. 3—
Results of the NETT trial
Outcome Baseline 6 months 12 months 24 months >10 W increase in exercise capacity % NA 28 versus 4 22 versus 5 15 versus 3 Mean Pa,O2 mmHg 65 versus 65 70 versus 64 69 versus 64 68 versus 62 Pa,O2: arterial oxygen tension; NA: not applicable. Data taken from [27–29].
