Figures
- FIGURE 1.
Decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) according to smoking status. Adapted from [37].
- FIGURE 2.
Prevalence of chronic bronchitis in relation to active smoking, stratified by age. □: nonsmokers; ▒: 1–10 cigarettes per day; ░: 11–20 cigarettes per day; ▪: >20 cigarettes per day. Reproduced from [15] with permission from the publisher.
- FIGURE 3.
Impact of risk factors in the occurrence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; % pred: % predicted. Proposal for a theoretical model adapted from Rijcken and Britton [15].
Tables
- Table. 1—
Estimate of prevalence according to diagnostic criteria
Criteria Surveys n Pooled prevalence % (95% CI) COPD 37 7.6 (6–9.5) Spirometry 26 9.2 (7.7–11) Reported by patient 7 4.9 (2.8–8.3) Diagnosed by a doctor 4 5.2 (3.3–7.9) Clinical/radiological examination 1 13.7 (12.9–14.5) Chronic bronchitis 38 6.4 (5.3–7.7) Productive moist cough 29 6.7 (5.4–8.2) Reported by patient 15 5.3 (3.9–7.1) Emphysema 8 1.8 (1.3–2.6) Clinical/radiological examination 1 3.2 (2.8–3.6) Reported by patient 7 1.7 (1.2–2.5) COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Modified and reproduced from [14] with permission from the publisher.
- Table. 2—
Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease according to demographic criteria
Studies n Cumulative prevalence % (95% CI) p-value All 37 7.6 (6–9.5) Age <0.0001 <40 yrs 9 3.1 (1.8–5) ≥40 yrs 34 9.9 (8.2–11.8) 40–64 yrs 23 8.2 (6.5–10.3) ≥65 yrs 11 14.2 (11–18) Status <0.0001 Active smoker 17 15.4 (11.2–20.7) Ex-smoker 16 10.7 (8.1–14) Nonsmoker 16 4.3 (3.2–5.7) Sex 0.0002 Male 27 9.8 (8–12.1) Female 27 5.6 (4.4–7) Geographic zone 0.77 Africa 0 America 3 4.6 (2.8–7.6) Europe 28 7.4 (5.9–9.3) South-east Asia 2 11.4 (4.4–26.4) Pacific 4 9 (3–24.1) Sample 0.04 Urban 12 10.2 (7.4–13.9) Rural 4 8 (3.9–15.8) Mixed 21 6.1 (4.9–7.7) Modified and reproduced from [14] with permission from the publisher.
- Table. 3—
Principal comorbidities associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Cardiovascular Coronary artery disease High blood pressure Left heart failure Tachyarrhythmia Malignant tumours Nonsmall cell lung cancer Respiratory Pneumonia Pulmonary embolism Chronic cor pulmonale Asthma Rhinitis Endocrine Obesity Diabetes Dyslipidaemia Denutrition Gastroenterology Gastric ulcer Gastro-oesophageal reflux Osteoarticular Fractures Osteoporosis Psychiatric Depression Anxiety
