Extrapulmonary disease | Possible consequences in COPD patients |
Cardiovascular disease | Increased mortality |
| Increased dyspnoea (chronic heart failure) |
| Reduced physical activity |
Cancer (including lung cancer) | Increased mortality |
Malnutrition | Increased mortality |
| Low fat free (muscle) mass |
| Skeletal muscle weakness |
| Increased dyspnoea |
| Reduced exercise capacity |
Anaemia | Increased dyspnoea |
| Possibly increased mortality |
Osteoporosis | Fractures |
Depression | Increased mortality |
Diabetes | Increased respiratory infections |
Obstructive sleep apnoea | Sleepiness |
| Pulmonary hypertension |
| Hypoventilation |