Management of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in pulmonary hypertensive patients: a pressure to embolise?

Table. 1—

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation(PAVM) risks

Risks	All PAVM patients	PH PAVM patients
Ischaemic stroke	11.3%	Lower: HR 0.89 (95% CI 0.83–0.95; p = 6.2×10⁻⁵) [4]
Brain abscess	9%	Unchanged [4]
Dyspnoea according to S _a,O₂quartiles^#
>96	1.5%
93–96	3.2%	Universal and more severe
88–93	14%
<88	37%
PAVM-related haemorrhage^¶	<10%, usually minor	Possibly more common and severe [16]
Migraine	Two-fold excess [17]	No data
Growth	Generally nil/slow⁺	Possibly increased [18]

PH: pulmonary hypertension; S_a,O₂:arterial oxygen saturation; HR: hazard ratio per mmHg increase; CI: confidence interval. ^#: reported in [4, 6]; ^¶: haemoptysis, haemothorax; ⁺: except during puberty and pregnancy.