Figures
- FIGURE 1.
The number of life-years gained from smoking cessation at different ages. Data taken from [11].
- FIGURE 2.
The typical relapse rates with unaided quitting in three different ways. a) The classic survival curve, b) the prognosis curve, and c) the relapse-risk curve.
- FIGURE 3.
The “route to quit” model, which indicates the contribution of different ways of quitting to overall rates of smoking cessation. #: in most cases nicotine replacement therapy was bought over the counter.
Tables
- Table 1—
Fatal and serious nonfatal disorders for which tobacco use is a known or probable cause or exacerbating factor
Smoking Cancer of the lung Cancer of the larynx Cancer of the oesophagus Cancer of the oropharynx Cancer of the kidney Cancer of the cervix Cancer of the pancreas Cancer of the stomach Cancer of the bladder Leukaemia COPD Pneumonia Asthma attacks Coronary heart disease Aortic aneurism Cerebrovascular disease Peripheral vascular disease Vascular dementia Macular degeneration Cataract Hearing loss Infertility Spontaneous abortion Stillbirth Low birth weight SIDS Low back pain Osteoporosis Tuberculosis Type II diabetes Peptic ulcer disease Surgical complications Smokeless tobacco use Cancer of the oropharynx - Table 2—
Definition of cigarette addiction and nicotine dependence
Description Measurement Cigarette addiction Powerful motivation# to smoke cigarettes arising primarily from abnormalities in physiological functioning of CNS pathways underlying motivation Ratings of frequency and strength of urge, want or need to smoke; behavioural evidence of strong motivation to smoke Nicotine dependence Physiological abnormalities underlying addiction to cigarettes or other nicotine-delivery systems Markers of strength of physiological need for nicotine CNS: central nervous system. #: motivation is used here in the broad sense of all those mental processes that direct and energise behaviour, not merely “reasons”.
- Table 3—
Effectiveness of treatments to aid smoking cessation
Treatment Comparison Increase in those abstinent for 6 months# Increase in permanent abstinence as a result of treatment¶ Nicotine replacement therapy all forms 8–12 weeks Without behavioural support Placebo 5 2.5 With behavioural support Placebo with behavioural support 10 5 Drug with behavioural support Bupropion 300 mg b.i.d 8 weeks Placebo with behavioural support 10 5 Nortriptyline 1.5 mg b.i.d. 8 weeks Placebo with behavioural support 10 5 Varenicline 1.5mg b.i.d. 12 weeks Placebo with behavioural support 15 7.5 Behavioural support 4–8 weeks Face-to-face from a specialist Brief advice or written materials 5 2.5 Telephone-based Brief advice or written materials 5 2.5 Combination of behavioural support and medication Quitting without help 10–20 5–10 Data are presented as %. #: percentage of all smokers treated; thus if the placebo rate is 5% and the active treatment rate is 10% the increase is 5%. Figures are based on percentage differences in relevant tables from the Cochrane reviews [20–25] rounded to the nearest 5%. ¶: 50% of the effect size at 6 months.
