The CD28-B7 and CD154-CD40 pathways have been described as the critical costimulatory
pathways for T cell activation. Blockade of these pathways has been reported to regulate …

… Draibe and Salama reported 6 patients who developed AAV at a median of 10.5 years
after the diagnosis of RA, and 29 additional cases with RA/AAV overlap [9]. MPA and MPO-ANCA …

… Our own series of five patients with refractory disease, including severe progressive ocular
disease, treated with rituximab (AD Salama, unpublished data) corroborates the findings that …

Background Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)–associated vasculitis is a severe
condition encompassing two major syndromes: granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly …

Programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor, an inhibitory costimulatory molecule found on activated
T cells, has been demonstrated to play a role in the regulation of immune responses and …

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is mediated by autoantigen-specific T
cells dependent on critical costimulatory signals for their full activation and regulation. We …

Objective B cell depletion with rituximab has allowed remissions in relapsing or refractory
antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)–associated vasculitis in small studies. The aim of …

CD8 + T cell depletion renders CD28-deficient mice susceptible to experimental autoimmune
encephalomyelitis (EAE). In addition, CD8 –/– CD28 –/– double-knockout mice are …

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is mediated by myelin-specific CD4 + T
cells secreting Th1 cytokines, while recovery from disease is associated with expression of …

… Advertisement intended for healthcare professionals … ADS was supported by a NIHR
Clinician Scientist award and received grant support from the Vasculitis Foundation and the …