Trends in Molecular Medicine
Serotonin receptors: guardians of stable breathing
Section snippets
Serotonin receptors
Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] is an important neurotransmitter that has a key role in controlling a large variety of sensory and motor functions. Serotonergic axons originating from the caudal raphe nuclei in the ventral parts of the brainstem project to all regions of the brain and spinal cord, including the lower brainstem and the pons, where essential elements for the respiratory network are located 22, 23, 24. The raphe system is tonically active and this activity can be modulated
Concluding remarks
In conclusion, recent knowledge about the role of 5-HT receptors in the regulation of breathing, together with an increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms of serotonergic signaling, open an intriguing possibility of treating various respiratory disturbances with drugs directed to the defined 5-HT receptor subtypes. In essence, such a straight-forward therapeutic targeting of convergent intracellular signaling pathways by means of a receptor-specific pharmacology might open novel
Glossary
Glossary
- Apneusis:
- an abnormal respiratory pattern consisting of a pause at inspiration and prolonged breath holding; a prolonged inspiratory cramp.
- Central apnea:
- cessation of breathing owing to lack of inspiratory movements; failure of the respiratory network in the brainstem.
- Tachypnea:
- abnormally fast rate of breathing that is not caused by disturbances of the acid–base balance; leads to metabolically induced hyperpnea such as after exercise.
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2022, Biomedicine and PharmacotherapyRespiratory rhythm and pattern generation: Brainstem cellular and circuit mechanisms
2022, Handbook of Clinical NeurologyCitation Excerpt :Accordingly, these neurons provide a fundamental neuromodulatory excitatory drive to respiratory CPG circuits (Richter et al., 2003; Richerson, 2004; Hodges et al., 2009; Ptak et al., 2009; DePuy et al., 2011). This activity in part reflects chemosensory properties (Richerson, 2004; Hodges and Richerson, 2010; Ray et al., 2011) important for the stability of respiratory rhythm and pattern (Richter et al., 2003; Hodges et al., 2009; Ptak et al., 2009; Ray et al., 2011). Raphé obscurus neurons are associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (Paterson et al., 2006; Kinney et al., 2009).
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2022, Pharmacology and TherapeuticsCitation Excerpt :Notably, 5-HT neurotransmission deficits have been found both in Rett syndrome patients (Samaco et al., 2009) and in the brain of MeCP2 knockout mice (Ide, Itoh, & Goto, 2005; Viemari et al., 2005). This is important in the context of Rett syndrome because the serotonergic system plays a key role in the control of breathing, and activation of 5-HT1A receptors in key brainstem sites is involved in termination of inspiration and promotes regular breathing (Richter, Manzke, Wilken, & Ponimaskin, 2003). Interestingly, systemic administration of 8-OH-DPAT abolished spontaneous central apnea in MeCP2 heterozygous deficient female mice.