Abstract
Macrophage-related pulmonary diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by macrophage accumulation, activation or dysfunction. These conditions include smoking-related interstitial lung diseases, metabolic disorders such as Niemann–Pick or Gaucher disease, and rare primary lung tumors. High-resolution computed tomography abnormalities include pulmonary ground-glass opacification secondary to infiltration by macrophages, centrilobular nodules or interlobular septal thickening reflecting peribronchiolar or septal macrophage accumulation, respectively, emphysema caused by macrophage dysfunction, and honeycombing following macrophage-related lung matrix remodeling.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Laskin DL, Weinberger B, Laskin JD (2001) Functional heterogeneity in liver and lung macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 70:163–170
Lehnert BE (1992) Pulmonary and thoracic macrophage subpopulations and clearance of particles from the lung. Environ Health Perspect 97:17–46
Fels AOS, Cohn ZA (1986) The alveolar macrophage. J Appl Physiol 60:353–369
Harris JO, Swenson EW, Johnson JE (1970) Human alveolar macrophages: comparison of phagocytic ability, glucose utilization, and ultrastructure in smokers and non-smokers. J Clin Invest 69:2086–2096
Daniele RP, Dauber JH, Altose MD, Rowlands DT, Gorenberg DJ (1977) Lymphocyte studies in asymptomatic cigarette smokers: a comparison between lung and peripheral blood. Am Rev Respir Dis 116:997–1005
Zhang P, Summer WR, Bagby GJ, Nelson S (2000) Innate immunity and pulmonary host defense. Immunol Rev 173:39–51
Sibille Y, Reynolds HY (1990) Macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in lung defense and injury. Am Rev Respir Dis 141:471–501
Brain JD (1992) Mechanisms, measurement, and significance of lung macrophage function. Environ Health Perspect 97:5–10
Lacraz S, Nicod L, Galve-de Rochemonteix B, Baumberger C, Dayer JM, Welgus HG (1992) Suppression of metalloproteinase biosynthesis in human alveolar macrophages by interleukin-4. J Clin Invest 90:382–388
Nicod L (1999) Pulmonary defence mechanisms. Respiration 66:2–11
Crowell RE, Heaphy E, Valdez YE., Mold C, Lehnert BE (1992) Alveolar and interstitial macrophage populations in the murine lung. Exp Lung Res 18:435–446
Blas van Oud Alblas A, Van Furth R (1982) The origin of pulmonary macrophages. Immunobiology 161:186–192
Holt PG, Warner LA, Papadimitriou JM (1982) Alveolar macrophages: functional heterogeneity within macrophage populations from rat lung. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 60:607–618
Johansson A, Lundborg M, Skold CM, Lundahl J, Tornling G, Eklund A, Camner P (1997) Functional, morphological, and phenotypical differences between rat alveolar and interstitial macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 16:582–588
Calhoun WJ, Salisbury SM (1989) Heterogeneity in cell recovery and superoxide production in buoyant, density-defined subpopulations of human alveolar macrophages from healthy volunteers and sarcoidosis patients. J Lab Clin Med 114:682–690
Chandler DB, Bayles G, Fuller WC (1988) Prostaglandin synthesis and release by subpopulations of rat interstitial macrophages. Am Rev Respir Dis 138:901–907
Chandler DB, Brannen AL (1990) Interstitial macrophage subpopulations: responsiveness to chemotactic stimuli. Tissue Cell 22:427–434
Liebow AA, Steer A, Billingley JG (1965) Desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Am J Med 38:369–404
American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (2002) International multidisciplinary consensus classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:277–304
Farr GH, Harley RA, Hennigan GR (1970) Desquamative interstitial pneumonia: an electron microscopic study. Am J Pathol 60:347–370
Yousem SA, Colby TV, Gaensler EA (1989) Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease and its relationship to desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Mayo Clin Proc 64:1373–1380
Desai SR, Ryan SM, Colby TV (2003) Smoking-related interstitial lung diseases: histopathological and imaging perspectives. Clin Radiol 58:259–268
Carrington CB, Gaensler EA, Coutu RE, Fitzgerald MX, Gupta RG (1978) Natural history and treated course of usual and desquamative interstitial pneumonia. N Engl J Med 298:801–809
Stillwell PC, Norris DG, O’Connell EJ et al. (1980) Desquamative interstitial pneumonitis in children. Chest 77:165–171
Rawbone RG, Shaw MT, Jackson JG, Bagshawe KD (1971) Complications of methotrexate-maintained remission in lymphoblastic leukemia. Br Med J 4:24–31
Lougheed MD, Roos JO, Waddell WR, Munt PW (1995) Desquamative interstitial pneumonitis and diffuse alveolar damage in textile workers: potential role of mycotoxins. Chest 108:1196–1200
Goldstein JD, Godleski JJ, Herman PG (1982) Desquamative interstitial pneumonitis associated with monomyelocytic leukemia. Chest 81:321–325
Bone RC, Wolfe J, Sobonya RE et al. (1982) Desquamative interstitial pneumonia following chronic nitrofurantoin therapy. Chest 82:321–325
Abraham JL, Hertzberg MA (1981) Inorganic particulates associated with desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Chest 80:67–70
Bokulic RE, Hilman BC (1994) Interstitial lung disease in children. Pediatr Clin N Am 41:543–567
Akira M, Yamamoto S, Hara H, Sakatani M, Ueda B (1997) Serial computed tomographic evaluation in desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Thorax 52:333–337
Hartman TE, Primack SL, Kang EY, Swensen SJ, Hansell DM, McGuinness G, Müller NL (1996) Disease progression in usual interstitial pneumonia compared with desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Chest 110:378–382
Barberis M, Mazari S, Tironi A, Lampertico P (1992) Recurrence of primary disease in a single lung transplant recipient. Trans Proc 24:2660–2662
Lipworth B, Woodcock A, Addis B, Turner-Warwick M (1987) Late relapse of desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 136:1253–1255
Verleden GM, Sels F, Van Raemdonck D, Verbeken EK, Demedts M (1998) Possible recurrence of desquamative interstitial pneumonitis in a single lung transplant recipient. Eur Respir J 11:971–974
Heyneman LE, Ward S, Lynch DA, Remy-Jardin M, Johkoh T, Muller NL (1999) Respiratory bronchiolitis, respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease, and desquamative interstitial pneumonia: different entities or part of the spectrum of the same disease process? Am J Roentgenol 173:1617–1622
Hartman TE, Primack SL, Swensen SJ, Hansell D, McGuiness G, Muller NL (1993) Desquamative interstitial pneumonia: thin-section CT-findings in 22 patients. Radiology 187:787–790
Copley SJ, Coren M, Nicholson AG, Rubens MB, Bush A, Hansell DM (2000) Diagnostic accuracy of thin-section CT and chest radiography of pediatric interstitial lung disease. Am J Roentgenol 174:549–554
Chapman HA (2004) Disorders of lung matrix remodeling. J Clin Invest 113:148–157
Niewoehner D, Klinerman J, Rice D (1974) Pathologic changes in the peripheral airways of young cigarette smokers. N Engl J Med 291:755–758
Ryu JH, Colby TV, Hartman TE, Vassallo R (2001) Smoking-related interstitial lung diseases: a concise review. Eur Respir J 17:122–132
Myers JL, Veal CF, Shin MS, Katzenstein AA (1987) Respiratory bronchiolitis causing interstitial lung disease: a clinicopathologic study of six cases. Am Rev Respir Dis 135:880–884
Costabel U, Guzman J (1992) Effect of smoking on bronchoalveolar lavage constituents. Eur Respir J 5:776–779
Hunninghake GW, Crystal RG (1983) Cigarette smoking and lung destruction: accumulation of neutrophils in the lungs of cigarette smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 128:833–838
Riise GC, Ahlstedt S, Larsson S, Enander I, Jones I, Larsson P, Andersson B (1995) Bronchial inflammation in chronic bronchitis assessed by measurement of cell products in bronchial lavage fluid. Thorax 50:360–365
Colby TV (1998) Bronchiolitis: pathologic considerations. Am J Clin Pathol 109:101–109
Katzenstein AA, Myers JL (1998) Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: clinical relevance of pathologic classification. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:1301–1315
Moon J, du Bois RM, Colby TV, Hansell DM, Nicholson AG (1999) Clinical significance of respiratory bronchiolitis on open lung biopsy and its relationship to smoking related interstitial lung disease. Thorax 54:1009–1014
Carilli AD, Kotzen LM, Fischer MJ (1973) The chest roentgenogram in smoking females. Am Rev Respir Dis 107:133–136
Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Boulenguez C, Soubaszek A, Edme JL, Furon D (1993) Morphologic effects of cigarette smoking on airways and pulmonary parenchyma in healthy adult volunteers: CT evaluation and correlation with pulmonary function tests. Radiology 93:107–115
Park J, Tuder R, Brown KK, Hale VA, Lynch DA (1998) Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease: CT-pathologic correlation. Radiology 209:179
Remy-Jardin M, Edme J, Boulenguez C, Remy J, Mastora I, Sobaszek A (2002) Longitudinal follow-up study of smoker’s lung with thin-section CT in correlation with pulmonary function tests. Radiology 222:261–270
Janoff A (1985) Elastases and emphysema current assessment of the protease-antiprotease hypothesis. Am Rev Respir Dis 132:417–433
Shapiro SD, Goldstein NM, McGarry Houghton A, Dobayashi DK, Delley D, Belaaouaj A (2003) Neutrophil elastase contributes to cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. Am J Pathol 163:2329–2335
Eidelman D, Saeta MP, Ghezzo H, Wang NS, Hodal JR, King M, Cosio MG (1990) Cellularity of the alveolar walls in smokers and its relation to lung destruction: functional implications. Am Rev Respir Dis 141:1547–1552
Hautamaki RD, Kobayashi DK, Senior RM, Shapiro SD (1997) Macrophage elastase is required for cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. Science 277:2002–2004
Cline MJ (1994) Histiocytes and histiocytosis. Blood 84:2840–2853
Favara BE (1997) Contemporary classification of histiocytic disorders. Med Pediatr Oncol 29:157–166
Travis WD, Borok Z, Roum JH et al (1993) Pulmonary Langerhans cell granulomatosis (histiocytosis X): a clinicopathologic study of 48 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 17:971–986
Soler P, Kambouchner M, Valeyre D, Hance AJ (1992) Pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis (histiocytosis X). Am Rev Med 43:105–115
Vassallo R, Ryu JH, Colby TV, Hartman T, Limper AH (2000) Pulmonary Langerhans’-cell histiocytosis. N Engl J Med 342:1969–1978
Tazi A, Soler P, Hance AJ (2000) Adult pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis. Thorax 55:405–416
Smets A, Mortele K, de Praeter G, Francois O, Benoit Y, Kunnen M (1997) Pulmonary and mediastinal lesions in children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Radiol 27:873–876
Yousem SA, Colby TV, Weiss LM (2001) Pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis: molecular analysis of clonality. Am J Surg Pathol 25:630–636
Brown RE (2000) Pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis. N Engl J Med 343:1654–1656
Colby TV, Carrington CB (1995) Interstitial lung disease. In: Thurlbeck WM, Churg AM (eds) Pathology of the lung. Thieme Medical Publishers, New York, pp 589–737
Colby TV, Lombard C (1983) Histiocytosis X in the lung. Human Pathol 14:847–856
Kambouchner M, Basset F, Soler P (1996) Tridimensional features of pulmonary Langerhans cell granulomatosis (PLCG) lesions. Mod Path 9:157–162
Friedman PJ, Liebow AA, Sokoloff J (1981) Eosinophilic granuloma of lung: clinical aspects of primary pulmonary histiocytosis in the adult. Medicine 60:385–396
Mogulkuc N, Veral A, Bishop PW, Bayindir U, Pickering CAC, Egan JJ (1999) Pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis: radiologic resolution following smoking cessation. Chest 115:1452–1455
Von Essen S, West W, Sitorius M, Rennard SI (1990) Complete resolution of roentgenographic changes in a patient with pulmonary histiocytosis X. Chest 98:765–767
Lacronique J, Roth C, Battesti JP, Basset F, Chretien J (1982) Chest radiological features of pulmonary histiocytosis X: a report based on 50 adult cases. Thorax 37:104–109
Fichtenbaum CJ, Kleinman GM, Haddad RG (1990) Eosinophilic granuloma of the lung presenting as a solitary pulmonary nodule. Thorax 45:905–906
Pomeranz SJ, Proto AV (1986) Histiocytosis X: unusual-confusing features of eosinophilic granuloma. Chest 89:88–92
Tazi A, Montcelly L, Bergeron A, Valeyre D, Battesti JP, Hance AJ (1998) Relapsing nodular lesions in the course of adult pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:216–223
Etienne B, Bertocchi M, Gamondes JP et al. (1998) Relapsing pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:288–291
Brauner MW, Grenier P, Tijani K, Battesti JP, Valeyre D (1997) Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: evolution of lesions on CT scans. Radiology 204:497–502
Moore ADA, Godwin JD, Muller NL et al. (1989) Pulmonary histiocytosis X: comparison of radiographic and CT findings. Radiology 172:249–254
Brauner MW, Grenier P, Mouelhi MM, Mompoint D, Lenoir S (1989) Pulmonary histiocytosis X: evaluation with high-resolution CT. Radiology 172:255–258
Soler P, Bergeron A, Kambouchner M, Groussard O, Brauner M, Grenier P, Crestani B, Mal H, Tazi A, Battesti JP, Loiseau P, Valeyre D (2000) Is high-resolution computed tomography a reliable tool to predict the histopathological activity of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:264–270
Vassallo R, Jensen EA, Colby TV, Ryu JH, Douglas WW, Hartman TE, Limper AH (2003) The overlap between respiratory bronchiolitis and desquamative interstitial pneumonia in pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Chest 124:1199–1205
Dhami R, He X, Gordon RE, Schuchman EH (2001) Analysis of the lung pathology and alveolar macrophage function in the acid sphingomyelinase-deficient mouse model of Niemann–Pick disease. Lab Invest 81:987–999
Neufeld EB, Wastney M, Patel S et al (1999) The Niemann–Pick C1 protein resides in a vesicular compartment linked to retrograde transport of multiple lysosomal cargo. J Biol Chem 274:9627–9635
Minai OA, Sullivan EJ, Stoller JK (2000) Pulmonary involvement in Niemann–Pick disease: case report and literature review. Respir Med 94:1241–1251
Crocker AC, Farber S (1985) Niemann–Pick disease: a review of 18 patients. Medicine 37:1–98
Skikne MI, Prinsloo I, Webster I (1972) Electron microscopy of lung in Niemann–Pick disease. J Pathol 106:119–122
Terry RD, Sperry WM, Brodoff B (1954) Adult lipidosis resembling Niemann–Pick’s disease. Am J Pathol 30:263–285
Knox JHM, Wahl WH, Schmeisser HC (1916) Gaucher’s disease. A report of two cases in infants. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 27:1
Elleder M, Houstkova H, Zeman J, Ledvinova J, Poupetova H (2001) Pulmonary storage with emphysema as a sign of Niemann–Pick type C2 disease (second complementation group). Report of a case. Virchows Arch 439:206–211
Elleder M (1989) Niemann–Pick disease. Pathol Res Pract 185:293–328
Schuchman EH, Desnick RJ (1995) Niemann–Pick disease types A and B: acid sphingomyelinase deficiencies. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D (eds) The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease, 7th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 2601–2638
Niggemann B, Rebien W, Rahn W et al (1994) Asymptomatic pulmonary involvement in 2 children with Niemann–Pick disease type B. Respiration 61:55–57
Ferretti GR, Lantuejoul S, Brambilla E et al. (1996) Pulmonary involvement in Niemann–Pick disease subtype B: a case report with CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 20:990–992
Nicholson AG, Wells AU, Hooper J, Hansell DM, Kelleher A, Morgan C (2002) Successful treatment of endogenous lipoid pneumonia due to Niemann–Pick type B disease with whole-lung lavage. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:128–131
Lever AML, Ryder JB (1983) Cor pulmonale in an adult secondary to Niemann–Pick disease. Thorax 38:873–874
Rodrigues R, Marchiori E, Müller NL (2004) Niemann Pick disease: high-resolution CT findings in two siblings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 28:52–54
Cox TM (2001) Gaucher disease: understanding the molecular pathogenesis of sphingolipidoses. J Inherit Metab Dis 24:106–121
Roberts W, Frederickson D (1967) Gaucher’s disease of lung causing severe pulmonary hypertension with associated acute recurrent pericarditis. Circulation 35:783–789
Schneider EL, Epstein CJ, Kaback MJ, Brandes D (1977) Severe pulmonary involvement in adult Gaucher’s disease: report of three cases and review of the literature. Am J Med 63:475–480
Miller A, Brown LK, Pastores GM, Desnick RJ (2003) Pulmonary involvement in type 1 Gaucher disease: functional and exercise findings in patients with and without clinical interstitial lung disease. Clin Genet 63:368–376
Goitein O, Elstein D, Abrahamov A, Hadas-Halpern I, Melzer E, Kerem E, Zimran A (2001) Lung involvement and enzyme replacement therapy in Gaucher’s disease. Q J Med 94:407–415
Aydin K, Karabulut N, Demirkazik F, Arat A (1997) Pulmonary involvement in adult Gaucher’s disease: high resolution CT appearance. Br J Radiol 70:93–95
Lee SYR, Mak AWC, Huen KF, Lam STS, Chow CB (2001) Gaucher disease with pulmonary involvement in a 6-year-old girl: report of resolution of radiographic abnormalities on increasing dose of imiglucerase. J Pediatr 139:862–864
Yassa N, Wilcox AG (1998) High-resolution CT pulmonary findings in adults with Gaucher’s disease. Clin Imaging 22:339–342
Savage COS, Winearls CG, Evans DJ et al. (1985) Microscopic polyarteritis: presentation, pathology and prognosis. Q J Med 56:467–483
Mark EJ, Ramirez JF (1985) Pulmonary capillaritis and hemorrhage in patients with systemic vasculitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 109:413–418
Haworth SJ, Savage COS, Carr D et al (1985) Pulmonary haemorrhage complicating Wegener’s granulomatosis and microscopic polyarteritis. BMJ 290:1775–1778
Lhote F, Guillevin L (1995) Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg–Strauss syndrome. Clinical aspects and treatment. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 21:911–947
Schwarz MI, Mortenson RL, Colby TV et al (1993) Pulmonary capillaritis. The association with progressive irreversible airflow limitation and hyperinflation. Am Rev Respir Dis 148:507–511
Primack SL, Miller RR, Muller NL (1994) Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage: clinical, pathologic, and imaging features. Am J Roentgenol 164:295–300
Bowley NB, Steiner RE, Chin WS (1979) The chest x-ray in antiglomerular basement membrane antibody disease (Goodpasture’s syndrome). Clin Radiol 30:419–429
Cheah FK, Sheppard MN, Hansell DM (1993) Computed tomography of diffuse pulmonary haemorrhage with pathological correlation. Clin Radiol 48:89–93
West JB, Mathieu-Costello O (1992) Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries: role in lung and heart disease. Lancet 340:762–767
Lan HY, Paterson DJ, Atkins RC (1991) Initiation and evolution of interstitial leukocytic infiltration in experimental glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 40:425–433
Lan HY, Paterson DJ, Hutchinson P, Atkins RC (1991) Leukocyte involvement in the pathogenesis of pulmonary injury in experimental Goodpasture’s syndrome. Lab Invest 64:330–338
Chan KW, Gibbs AR, Lo WS, Newman GR (1982) Benign sclerosing pneumocytoma of lung (sclerosing haemangioma). Thorax 37:404–412
Katzenstein AA, Gmelich JT, Carrington CB (1980) Sclerosing hemangioma of the lung: a clinicopathologic study of 51 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 4:343–356
Tengan I, Suemasu K, Eguchi K et al. (1981) Benign tumors and tumor-like lesions (excluding adenomas) of the lung: radiological and clinicopathological analysis of 48 cases. Jpn J Clin Oncol 11:343–352
Nagata N, Dairaku M, Sueishi K, Tanaka K (1987) Sclerosing hemangioma of the lung: an epithelial tumor composed of immunohistochemically heterogenous cells. Am J Clin Pathol 88:552–559
Navas Palacios JJ, Escribano PM, Toledo J, Garzon A, Larru E, Palomera J (1979) Sclerosing hemangioma of the lung: an ultrastructural study. Cancer 44:949–955
Yousem SA, Wick MR, Singh G et al. (1988) So-called sclerosing hemangiomas of lung: an immunohistochemical study supporting a respiratory epithelial origin. Am J Surg Pathol 12:582–590
Devouassoux-Shisheboran M, Hayashi T, Linnoila RI, Koss MN, Travis WD (2000) A clinicopathologic study of 100 cases of pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma with immunohistochemical studies. TTF-1 is expressed in both round and surface cells, suggesting an origin from primitive respiratory epithelium. Am J Surg Pathol 24:906–916
Sugio K, Yokoyama H, Kaneko S, Ishida T, Sugimachi K (1992) Sclerosing hemangioma of the lung: radiographic and pathological study. Ann Thorac Surg 53:295–300
Im J, Kim WH, Han MC, Han YM, Chung JW, Ahn JM, Do YS (1994) Sclerosing hemangiomas of the lung and interlobar fissures: CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 18:34–38
Nam JE, Ryu YH, Cho SH, Lee YJ, Kim HJ, Lee DY, Choe KO, Kim SJ (2002) Air-trapping zone surrounding sclerosing hemangioma of the lung. J Comput Assist Tomogr 26:358–361
Bank YW, Shinn KS, Choi BS (1978) The air meninscus sign in sclerosing hemangioma of the lung. Radiology 128:27–29
Colby TV (1997) Metastasizing dermatofibroma. Am J Surg Pathol 21:976
Holden WE, Mulkey DD, Kessler S (1982) Multiple peripheral lung cysts and hemoptysis in an otherwise asymptomatic adult. Am Rev Respir Dis 126:930–932
Joseph MG, Colby TV, Swensen SJ, Mikus JP, Gaensler EA (1990) Multiple cystic fibrohistiocytic tumors of the lung: report of two cases. Mayo Clin Proc 65:192–197
Osborn M, Mandys V, Beddow E, Ladas G, Florio R, Sheppard MN, Fisher C, Bell SW, Travis WD, Nicholson AG (2003) Cystic fibrohistiocytic tumours presenting in the lung: primary or metastatic disease? Histopathology 43:556–562
Sagara Y, Hayashi K, Shiraishi Y, Komatsu H, Murakami K, Kataya T, Hebisawa A (1994) The pulmonary air meninscus sign in a case of sclerosing hemangioma. Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 32:774–778
Custer G, Balcerzak S, Rinehart J (1982) Human macrophage hemoglobin-iron metabolism in vitro. Am J Hematol 13:23–26
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Marten, K., Hansell, D.M. Imaging of macrophage-related lung diseases. Eur Radiol 15, 727–741 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-004-2554-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-004-2554-3