Definitions of personalised medicine
| Personalised medicine | Human health and illness are the consequence of all dynamic interactions within human beings, considered as complex adaptive systems [10] A medical model that proposes the customisation of healthcare, with decisions and practices being tailored to the individual patient by use of genetic or other information [21] A form of medicine that uses information about a person's genes, proteins and environment to prevent, diagnose and treat disease [22] Tailoring of medical treatment to the specific characteristics of each patient by classifying individuals into subpopulations that are uniquely or disproportionately susceptible to a particular disease or responsive to a specific treatment [23] The right treatment for the right patient at the right time [24, 25] |
| P4 medicine | Medicine that is predictive, preventive, personalised and participatory to optimise wellness and minimise disease for each individual [26] |
| Precision medicine | Treatments targeted to the needs of individual patients on the basis of genetic, biomarker, phenotypic or psychosocial characteristics that distinguish a given patient from other patients with similar clinical presentations [27–29] |
| Individualised medicine | Relates not only to medicine, but also focuses on the flow of biological data and relevant medical information directly to individuals as drivers of healthcare [30] |