Common | |
Pneumonia/recurrent respiratory infection |
|
Sleep-disordered breathing | Polysomnogram if any evidence of snoring, adenoidal or tonsillar hypertrophy, poor sleep pattern, obesity or pulmonary hypertension |
Laryngomalacia | Consider flexible bronchoscopy to evaluate severity, even in clinically mild cases If moderate to severe, consider polysomnogram to evaluate for obstructive sleep apnoea Evaluate swallowing function |
Tracheobronchomalacia | Consider in patient with noisy breathing, chronic cough, persistent or atypical wheezing Refer for flexible bronchoscopy |
Tracheal bronchus | Consider in patients with recurrent or persistent right upper lobe pneumonia |
Pulmonary hypertension | Consider in all patients with upper airway obstruction or unexplained hypoxia Echocardiogram and cardiology consultation |
Subpleural cysts | Usually incidental finding on chest contrast tomography Can usually be managed with close observation |
Subglottic stenosis | Refer for bronchoscopy |
Less common | |
Post-obstructive pulmonary oedema | Anticipate in patients who require upper airway surgery |
High-altitude pulmonary oedema | |
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn | |
Complete tracheal rings | Diagnosed by bronchoscopy |
Pulmonary haemorrhage | Consider in patients with recurrent abnormal chest radiographs, unexplained hypoxia or anaemia Refer for bronchoscopy |
Interstitial lung disease | Consider in patients with unexplained hypoxia |