TABLE 1

Cellular actions of specialised pro-resolving lipid mediators in innate immunity relevant to asthma

Mediator	Target cell	Action(s)	References
Lipoxin A₄	Eosinophil	Inhibits migration and chemotaxis Inhibits generation of eotaxin and IL-5	[24, 25]
	Neutrophil	Inhibit chemotaxis Inhibit trans-endothelial and trans-epithelial migration Inhibit neutrophil–epithelial cell interactions Inhibit superoxide anion generation Inhibit degranulation	[26–30]
	NK cell	Inhibits NK cell cytotoxicity Increases granulocyte induced apoptosis	[31, 32]
	ILC2	Inhibits IL-13 release	[31]
	Monocyte	Stimulates chemotaxis and adhesion Inhibits peroxynitrite generation Reduces IL-8 release by cells from individuals with asthma	[33–35]
	Macrophage	Increases engulfment of apoptotic neutrophils	[36, 37]
	Dendritic cell	Inhibits IL-12 production	[38]
	Epithelial cell	Increases proliferation after acid injury Inhibits cytokine release Increases intracellular Ca²⁺	[39, 40]
	Endothelial cell	Stimulates protein kinase-dependent prostacyclin formation Blocks the generation of reactive oxygen species Inhibits VEGF-induced endothelial-cell migration	[41–43]
	Fibroblast	Inhibits IL-1β-induced IL-6, IL-8 and MMP3 production Inhibits CTGF-induced proliferation	[44, 45]
	Smooth muscle	Inhibits LTC4-initiated migration	[46]
	Bronchial epithelial cell	Stimulates basal cell proliferation after acid injury Blocks IL-6 and IL-8 release	[39]
Resolvin E1	Neutrophil	Inhibits trans-epithelial and trans-endothelial migration Inhibition of superoxide generation	[47, 48]
	Macrophage	Stimulates nonphlogistic phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils	[49]
	Dendritic cell	Inhibits IL-12 production Inhibits migration	[50, 51]
Resolvin E3	Neutrophil	Inhibits infiltration	[52]
Resolvin D1	Neutrophil	Inhibits transmigration	[53]
	Macrophage	Inhibits LPS-induced TNF release Promotes phagocytosis of antigen	[54, 55]
Protectin D1	Neutrophil	Inhibits TNF-α and IFN-γ release Inhibits PMN transmigration Upregulates CCR5 expression	[56–58]
	Macrophage	Stimulates nonphlogistic phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils	[49]

IL: interleukin; NK: natural killer; ILC2: type 2 innate lymphoid cell; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; MMP3: matrix metalloproteinase 3; CTGF: connective tissue growth factor; LTC4: leukotriene C4; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; PMN: polymorphonuclear leukocyte; CCR5: CC-chemokine receptor 5.