| First author [ref.] | Asthma definition | Exposure metric | Co-exposures | OR (95% CI) |
| Salameh [26] | Self-reported recurrent wheezing | Any exposure to pesticides | Dust, animals | 2.10 (1.39–3.18) |
| Sunyer [27] | Wheeze at 4 years | Cord blood and blood samples in nonatopic children | Unknown | 1.37# (1.06–1.79) |
| Sunyer [28] | Wheeze at age 6.5 years | Cord blood and blood samples aged 4 years | Unknown | 1.13 (1.03–1.39) |
| Yemaneberhan [24] | Self-reported asthma, wheezing or cough | Self-reported exposure questionnaire | Unknown | The results of children and adults were not reported separately, so no ORs are included |
#: risk ratio.