| Mediastinal masses | Clinical stabilisation | Contrast-enhanced multislice computed tomography-venography with three-dimensional reconstruction of the pulmonary veins | Catheter-guided balloon dilatation in case of restenosis with bare-metal or drug-eluting stent implantation post-intervention anticoagulation |
| Granulomatous diseases | Coagulation tests | Or | Or |
| Interventional procedures for AF | Radiography | Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance venography with three-dimensional reconstruction of the pulmonary veins | Surgical procedures |
| Lobectomy or bilobectomy | Computed tomography-angiography | | Conventional venoplasty |
| Right-sided pneumonectomy | Bronchoscopy | | Sutureless venoplasty |
| Pulmonary hypertension | Optional bronchial angiography | | Post-operative anticoagulation |
| Recurrent pulmonary infections | | | Or |
| Lung transplantation | | | Emergency lobectomy in case of persistent life-threatening haemoptysis |