Table 3. Tools to be considered for treatment of symptoms in end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a chronic and acute setting
SymptomChronic settingAcute setting
Dyspnoea/breathlessnessPharmacological therapy Physical rehabilitation Oxygen therapy Noninvasive ventilationPharmacological therapy Oxygen therapy Noninvasive ventilation Opioids
Anxiety and depressionPhysical rehabilitation Pharmacological therapyPharmacological therapy Sedation