May produce GERD |
Obesity |
Late-term pregnancy |
Massive ascites |
Hiatus hernia |
Bronchospasm |
Lung transplantation |
Gastroparesis, e.g. diabetes mellitus |
Diseases: scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, polymyositis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, end-stage lung disease, asthma, obstructive sleep apnoea |
May worsen established GERD |
Smoking |
Ingestions: alcohol, high-fat content meals, spicy foods, mint, citrus products, chocolate, caffeine-containing drinks, tomatoes |
Medications: theophylline, calcium channel blockers, benzodiazepines, anticholinergic agents, corticosteroids |