Conditions associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux (GERD)
| May produce GERD |
| Obesity |
| Late-term pregnancy |
| Massive ascites |
| Hiatus hernia |
| Bronchospasm |
| Lung transplantation |
| Gastroparesis, e.g. diabetes mellitus |
| Diseases: scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, polymyositis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, end-stage lung disease, asthma, obstructive sleep apnoea |
| May worsen established GERD |
| Smoking |
| Ingestions: alcohol, high-fat content meals, spicy foods, mint, citrus products, chocolate, caffeine-containing drinks, tomatoes |
| Medications: theophylline, calcium channel blockers, benzodiazepines, anticholinergic agents, corticosteroids |