Parshall [47] | Correlation analysis | up to 1 | Exacerbation (symptom-based) (healthcare use also analysed) | Derivation | Predefined variables# | | 1 | | 0.65–0.70# | | 0.355–0.974# | 0.043–0.081# | |
Marin [41] | Correlation analysis | 5.1 (median) | Outpatient-treated exacerbation (hospitalisation also analysed) | Derivation | Predefined index | | 1 | OR | 0.78 (0.73–0.84) | | | 0.31 | |
Jones [38] | Correlation analysis | up to 9 | Hospital admission for exacerbation | Derivation | Predefined index | | 1 | | 0.755¶ | | | | |
Chen [31] | Logistic regression | 14 days+ | Hospital readmission for exacerbation | Derivation | Predefined variables | | 9 | OR | | | | 0.10 | 139.49 |
Almagro [27] | Logistic regression | up to 1 | Hospital readmission for exacerbation | Derivation | Univariable selection | 6 | 3 | OR | | 1.9964 | 0.8496 | 0.146–0.194§ | |
Brusse-Keizer [30] | Logistic regression | up to 1 | Patient with ≥2 exacerbations | Derivationƒ | Univariable and stepwise selection | 15 | 2 | OR | 0.717 (0.595–0.839) | 7.512 | 0.483 | 0.099–0.15§ | |
Faganello [33] | Logistic regression | up to 1 | Exacerbation | Derivation | Predefined index | | 1 | OR | 0.69## | | | | |
Suetomo [48] | Logistic regression | up to 1 | Exacerbation (hospital readmission for exacerbation also analysed) | Derivation | Predefined variables | 3 | 3 | OR | 0.77 | | | | |
Takahashi [49] | Logistic regression | up to 1 | Patient with ≥2 exacerbations | Derivation | Predefined variables | | 11 | RR | 0.81 | 66.64 | 0.56 | 0.22 | |
Hurst [36] | Logistic regression | up to 1 | Increased exacerbation frequency | Derivation | Stepwise selection | 31 | 5 | OR | | | | 0.22 | |
Bertens [29] (derivation) | Logistic regression | up to 2 | Patients with ≥1 exacerbation | Derivation | Backward stepwise selection | 6 | 4 | OR | 0.75 (0.69–0.82) | 8.66 | 0.37 | 0.26 | |
Bertens [29] (validation) | Not expected | up to 2 | Patients with ≥1 exacerbation | Validation | Not expected | Not expected | Not expected | Not expected | 0.66 (0.62–0.71) | 32.98 | 0.00 | 0.09 | |
Motegi [43] | Logistic regression | up to 2 | Exacerbation | Derivation | p-value selection | 14 | 2 | OR | 0.76–0.78++ | | | 0.15–0.18++ | |
Thomsen [50] | Logistic regression | up to 1§§ | Frequent exacerbator (≥2 exacerbations >1 year apart) | Derivation | Predefined variables | | 8–11ƒƒ | OR | 0.71–0.73ƒƒ | | | | |
Lee [40] | Logistic regression | up to 0.5 | Any exacerbation (moderate–severe exacerbation (logistic regression) and time to first exacerbation (Cox regression) also analysed) | Derivation | Predefined variables | | 1–9### | RR | 0.64–0.79### | | | | |
Almagro [23] (derivation; CODEX) | Cox regression | up to 1¶¶¶ | Hospital readmission for exacerbation | Derivation | Predefined index | | 1 | HR | 0.583 | | | | |
Almagro [23] (derivation; ADO) | Cox regression | up to 1¶¶¶ | Hospital readmission for exacerbation | Derivation+++ | Predefined index | | 1 | HR | 0.533 | | | | |
Almagro [23] (derivation; BODEX) | Cox regression | up to 1¶¶¶ | Hospital readmission for exacerbation | Derivation+++ | Predefined index | | 1 | HR | 0.633 | | | | |
Almagro [23] (validation; CODEX) | Not expected | up to 1 | Hospital readmission for exacerbation | Validation | Not expected | Not expected | Not expected | Not expected | 0.590 | | | | |
Echave-Sustaeta [32] | Cox regression | up to 1 | Hospital readmission for exacerbation | Derivation | Univariable and stepwise selection | 6 | 2 | HR | 0.7601 | | | 0.334 | |
Gudmundsson [35] | Cox regression | up to 1 | Hospital readmission for exacerbation | Derivation | Predefined variables | Unclear | 5 | HR | | | | | 2175.6 |
Garcia-Aymerich [34] | Cox regression | 1.1 (mean) | Hospital readmission for exacerbation | Derivation | Univariable selection | 23 | 7 | HR | 0.71 | | | | |
Jakob [37] | Cox regression | 1.5 (mean) | Any exacerbation (outpatient-treated and inpatient treated exacerbations also analysed) | Derivation | Predefined variables | | 7 | RR | | | | | 833.372§§§ |
Müllerova [45] | Cox regression | up to 3 | Hospital admission for exacerbation | Derivation | Predefined variables | Unclear | 6 | HR | 0.742 (0.718–0.766)ƒƒƒ | 5.57ƒƒƒ | 0.696ƒƒƒ | 0.15ƒƒƒ | |
Ko [39] | Cox regression | up to 3 | Hospital readmission for exacerbation | Derivation | Predefined index | | 1 | HR | 0.58#### | | | | |
Moberg [42] | Cox regression | 5.5 (mean) | Hospital admission for exacerbation | Derivation | Univariable selection | Unclear | 18 | HR | 0.62 (0.59–0.65) | | | | |
Ong [46] | Poisson regression | 1.35 (mean) | Hospital Admission for exacerbation | Derivation | Predefined index | | 1 | IRR | | | | 0.16¶¶¶¶ | |
Moy [44] | Negative binomial regression | 1.25 (mean) | Exacerbation (hospital readmission also analysed) | Derivation | Predefined variables | | 4–5++++ | Rate ratio | 0.59–0.62++++ | | | | |
Amalakuhan [28] | Random forest | up to 1 | Hospital readmission for exacerbation | Derivation§§§§ | Variables of importance evaluated with AUC | 60 | 5 | | 0.75ƒƒƒƒ | | | | |