Target | Candidate therapies |
Smoking | Drugs acting on neural nicotine addiction |
Oxidants | Antioxidants (e.g. stable glutathione analogues) |
Resveratrol |
Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors |
Leukotrienes | BLT1 receptor antagonists (LY 29311, SB 201146, BIIL284) |
5′-lipoxygenase inhibitors (zileuton, Bay×1005) |
Adhesion molecules | Anti-CD11/CD18, anti-ICAM-1 |
E-selectin inhibitors |
Chemokines | CXCR2 antagonists (SB 225002) |
CCR2 antagonists |
CXCR3 antagonists |
Cytokines | TNF-α inhibitors (infliximab, etanercept) |
TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) inhibitors |
Interleukin-10 and analogues |
Phosphodiesterase-4 | PDE-4 inhibitors (cilomilast, roflumilast) |
Kinases and transcription factors | NF-κB inhibitors (IKK-2 inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, IκB-α gene transfer) |
p38 MAP kinase inhibitors (SB203580, SB 239063) |
PI-3 kinase-γ inhibitors |
PPAR activators |
Mucus hypersecretion | EGF receptor kinase inhibitors (gefitinib) |
Calcium-activated chloride channel inhibitors (niflumic acid, MSI 1956) |
Fibrosis | TGF-β1 receptor kinase inhibitors |
Fibroblast growth factor inhibitors |
PAR-2 inhibitors |
Proteinases | Endogenous antiproteinases: α1-AT, SLPI, TIMPs, elafin |
Neutrophil elastase inhibitors |
Cysteine proteinase inhibitors |
Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors |
Lung regeneration agents | Retinoic acid (all-trans retinoic acid) |
Retinoic acid receptor-γ agonists |
Stem cells |